Oil is of props important for the global economy and the overall and became the first raw material in the world for use in all areas since the twentieth century, crude oil and liquid formed in the ground from a mixture of alkanes, and this mixture is distilled to produce different types of fuel flammable materials for lubricating materials petrochemicals, such as benzene oils for lubrication and fuel oil and some types of alcohol, top countries, oil producers are Saudi Arabia, and Russia, and the United States of America, and is 80% of the world reserves of oil in the Middle East, and provides oil field work for millions of people around the world, the oil is used in our daily lives in a huge number of everyday things like plastic made from oil derivatives and in cars, houses industries.
Oil directly is not used in industries after extracted from the earth, and it must be converted to other formats for use in multi-purpose, is being starters extraction of gases, such as ethanol, butane, and Albroobn, then extract derivatives heavier, such as diesel and kerosene, gasoline, and asphalt coal , coal, jet fuel, and use of these gases in the heating, jet fuel, and the paving of the streets.

This liquid after distillation produces a range of combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. It includes compounds and mixtures of compounds separated from crude oil by distillation of gasoline and diesel fuel, kerosene, fuel oil and some types of alcohol, benzene, heavy naphtha, different grades of lubricating oils and residuum. Petroleum is usually classified according to the predominance of paraffin or asphalted compounds and accordingly is said to have a paraffin base, base and intermediate, or asphalt base.
It is drilled Oil wells at a depth of six miles to Earth to search for petroleum. These wells cost millions of dollars to drill, but it is because of oil drilling is a natural resource value. Although the main use of oil is a fuel (gasoline, jet fuel and heating oil) and oil and natural gas are often used to generate electricity, there are many other uses as well.

Here are some of the ways the oil is used in our daily lives. All plastic is made from petroleum and plastic is used almost everywhere, in cars, houses, toys, computers and clothing. Asphalt used in road construction is a petroleum product as is the synthetic rubber in tires. Paraffin wax comes from oil, as do fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, detergents, and records of the phonograph, photographic film, furniture, packaging materials, surfboards, paints and artificial fibers used in clothing, upholstery, carpets and support. Helium is produced sulfur and other valuable oil with oil wells and the same materials. Oil is mainly used as a source of fuel and lubricants. Only when these supplies are restricted or threatened is not the average person can begin to achieve significance.
The three largest oil-producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. Located about 80% of the world reserves of easily accessible in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from five Arab countries: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. The work of millions of people all over the world to find or oil and ships and improve manufacturing and marketing of various oils and candles made from this production.

Although there are many alternatives to petroleum fuels, and cost-benefit analysis shows that the oil is the best in most every area. Hydrogen, ethanol, hybrid, and biomass technologies are promising for cars may soon increase efficiency and reduce emissions; however, many of these techniques has not been proven yet profitable enough to providers or attractive to consumers. Petroleum retains a key advantage because the price of oil is still low compared with forms of energy with lower environmental impacts, such as wind power and solar energy. Unlike hydrogen or even natural gas, oil is easily transportable and there are extensive infrastructure in place to support their use.
There are many factors that because of rising oil prices, but oil still is a necessity. These reasons are the lack of available capacity across the oil supply chain in production, refinery and the development of transport infrastructure. Rising demand in emerging economies; the apparent indifference of consumers to reference prices; uncertainties related to the weather (hurricanes) or to politics (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela and Nigeria); and increasing activity in the commodity markets. It is not very useful to blame any one player in the game. This could pose a threat to the economy and business in the world Therefore, the benefits of petroleum have brought enumerable benefits to human civilization: .. the quality of life and prosperity and dynamic source of income for traders Energy .

Maherpro 6:54 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Petroleum Engineering is the engineering involved in oil exploration and production activities and the search for the best ways to explore the upstream petroleum industry and refers to the source of the oil, the oil is usually deeply buried underground and are providing consumers with the flow of supplies across engineering various Alnaftyh.moadia covered by the Petroleum Engineering Applications ( oil) are usually closely associated with the Earth Sciences. Oil threads of economic engineering, geology, geology Chemistry, Geophysics, Drilling geopolitics, knowledge management, and earthquakes, team-building and teamwork, and thermodynamics, and the completion of oil and gas production, reservoir development, and transport by pipeline.
It is increasingly technology profession, which includes the purchase of oil reserves of the places that have never explored is very difficult not economically or technology, but according to commodity prices, the use of advanced and high-speed innovative computer technology hardware materials management and statistical team and probability analysis and knowledge management, usually accompanied only truth direct measurement of the most important facts because buried under a mile from the ground. So engineers must sometimes use innovative methods and consider a number of patents held use in the high-tech nature of certification industry in this area.
Petroleum engineering using high technology and the use of labor and increased coordination plans, often in precarious conditions. Understand and inventory issues, challenges and contact building these teams keep essential oil engineer ever. SPE is the largest professional association of oil engineers, a good source of information in the oil engineering education is available in dozens of universities around the world, especially in oil-producing countries and not just the top producers. Petroleum Engineering historically the highest paid in the fields of engineering, offset this trend mass layoffs when oil prices decline.

Petroleum engineering stages:
The first phase of the manufacturing Upstream oil sector
The exploration phase and extraction:
Search and exploration and petroleum sites to determine the well - exploration and drilling operations by oil Drill:
1. Identification of oil wells sites: This is done with the help of Paljaologin and Algioveziqin to conduct the survey and measurement of the physical properties of the layers of the earth, in order to detect or infer the presence of oil. Engineering and exploration operations vary according to its existence; the depths of the earth's surface, the surface of the sea, or near the surface, as well as the quality of raw; crude oil or natural gas.
2- Drilling engineering: engineers design and implement drilling procedures safely, taking into account the rationalization of expenditure and organization of work with geologists and specialists mechanisms, and protect the health and safety of workers and other employees, and environmental protection.
3-Extraction of petroleum: the first separation of crude oil from the container operations of his classes.
4- Operating the wells: the continuation of extraction operations, scheduling and oil production rates.
The middle stage of industrialization Midstream oil sector
Assembly stage and transport collection and transport:
Start after the extraction process is complete and access to crude oil, in terms of dealing with the raw direct operations begin in the extraction site; where towers and Chapter fractional and heat-treated and chemical plants may exist, or is pumped to move through a narrow pipe system under low pressure to thousands of miles to factories specialized, and crude oil delivery of networked systems are complex and interrelated systems may work on the link between the hundreds of oil wells.
The third stage of the manufacturing Downstream oil sector
First: Refining of crude oil
Are technical steps to this stage in what is known as oil refineries refining oil refineries and petrochemical petrochemical factories, where they are extracting petroleum products generally accepted commercially; such as gasoline, diesel, gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, and materials of anti-freeze , pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas, propane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and jet fuel, diesel oil and other fuel oils, asphalt and petroleum coke.
Second: Commercial distribution and sale:
Where is the transfer of products manufactured in accordance with engineering techniques to transport, distribution and ensure the safe delivery; through pipes, cylinders packed under pressure technology, mobile tanks overland or by sea.

Maherpro 6:52 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

How repeats oil refineries turning crude oil into useful products in three stages.
The first phase consists, called sorting, sort of oil to fractures (various parts). The main process at this stage is the fractional distillation fractions that produce light, medium and heavy. In the second phase, or conversion, at least fractures turning to interest more valuable fractions. The third stage is the treatment that improves the quality and performance of petroleum products.

Screening: the first stage in the oil refining is fractional distillation, a process that produces crude oil to some of its components. You can sort the additional components of these components mediated by solvent extraction, crystallization processes.

Fractional distillation is built on the principle of evaporation (boiling) the various components at different temperatures. Viboukr gasoline, for example, at about 24 ° m, while for some heavy fuel oils degrees higher than the boiling point of 320 ° m. As condense (cool and become liquid) components such fumes which, at different temperatures.

And pumping the oil in a fractional distillation through pipes inside the oven is heated to temperatures of 385 ° m. Then enter the resulting mixture, consisting of gases and fluids in hot steel vertical cylinder called retail or bubble tower. During the rise of the burner components condense inside the tower at different levels. Vtaatktv heavy fuel oils in the lower section of the tower, while condense light components such as benzene and kerosene in the middle and upper sections. The fluid collects in Flint and pulls to the outside through the pipes on the sides of the tower.

Some components do not cool enough. So pass through the tower to the top of the retail unit vapor recovery. In contrast, other components remain, evaporate at temperatures higher than those in the oven temperature, the liquid or semi-solid. And recover the waste from the bottom of the tower and reiterates to products such as asphalt and Lubricants · ¸altazaat.

Called the ingredients that produce direct distillation scrolling products. They must almost all of these components are subject to chemical conversion treatment before it is used.

Solvent extraction produces additional components of certain products direct to scroll. And dissolves a chemical compound called solvent some components or separate them in the form of solids. The main solvents used gasoline and furfural and Vnol. And improve the quality of many of the refineries Lubricants and paraffin mediated by solvent extraction.

The crystal used mainly to remove the wax and other materials from semi-solid and heavy components; the cool temperatures of the components to be then crystals or harden. After you pass through the filters by separating solid particles.

Conversion:
Despite the possibility of refining almost all the oil into useful products that only some of the components of greater value than others. The oil, for example, half of the petroleum products used in most countries almost, but it represents only about 10% of the direct scrolling products. On the other hand, some of the few components represent demand, a larger share of crude oil.

In order to increase the desired quantities of oil products, scientists have developed several ways to turn a few ingredients of interest to those that have the largest request. These methods fall into two main groups: 1. 2 cracker operations-mergers. And it enables such operations produce about half of barrels of oil from each barrel of crude oil.

Cracker operations shift heavy components into lighter components, such as mainly oil. These processes not only increases the amount of oil petroleum output, but also improves its quality. Vllpetrol milling product octane number greater than the product direct scroll. The octane number measure of how much smoother fuel combustion inside the engine. See octane number.

There are two main types of crushing processes: thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Suffered heavy components in the thermal cracking to the point of intense heat, high pressure in order to weaken the bonds that hold together large and complex molecules. And the disintegration of the heat and pressure of these molecules into simpler molecules, which form parts of light.

In cracking catalyst, a catalyst is used to accelerate the thermal cracking process. The catalyst material begins by chemical reactions without rushing or unchanged in the course of the reaction. In this type of cracker, heat the ingredients, and then pass on the metals called Ziulietat, and certain types of clay, or other catalysts. And lead catalyst temperature and reaction together to break the heavy parts to the lighter components. And the catalytic cracking of the more common thermal cracking, not NH requires less pressure, and produces a number octane petrol largest.

Hydrogen may be added to the parts during the cracker. And it increases this procedure, which is called hydrogenation of the amount of useful products.

Mergers do the opposite of what he does cracker; it integrates or rearrange gaseous hydrocarbons Statistics to be more complex components. As a result, it is turning a lot of gases resulting from distillation and cracking to liquid fuels and chemicals high octane value. The major mergers polymerization and alkylation and restructuring.

Gases in the polymerization are subject to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Vtaathd hydrocarbon molecules made up the largest molecules called polymers. And polymers essential components in a high-octane petrol. Alkylation and similar Balblmrh produces a component called Alokilat which is used in all of the oil, and aviation fuel. In the restructuring shall be gas molecules of different hydrocarbon groups, after exposure to heat and the catalyst. And restructuring produce fuels in addition to the high-octane aromatic compounds, which are chemicals used in making explosives, synthetic rubber, food preservatives, and many other products.

Chemical processing. Addressing almost all the ingredients chemically before they are sent to consumers. Treatment depends on the type of crude oil and the intended use of petroleum products.

Many of the components treated to remove impurities. The most common impurities are sulfur compounds that damage the equipment and air pollution when burned. And treated with hydrogen commonly used to remove sulfur compounds way. Mix ingredients in this way hydrogen, and then subjected to heat the catalyst which binds sulfur hydrogen component hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide, and still later by using solvent.

Maherpro 6:51 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Given the rapid development of the oil industry, which is accompanied by a huge development in the specialty repair wells has happened both in the conduct of these operations or in devices and equipment used techniques where multiple reform excavators emerged advantages also featured other advanced equipment repair.

Reform processes play an important and significant role in the continuity of the work of the wells are divided into three main types:

1. Partial reform processes:
Intended to work carried out on wells without affecting the classes are limited to producing only in production equipment used in the well include the following operations:
-Amendment groundwater pump:
It is altered groundwater pumps in the event of a partial or total failure in the pump which leads to low productivity of the well or the lack of entirely (fault-valve piston-cylinder ......)
-Switch production Pipes:
Pipes are switched production wells operating in the mechanical production in a way because of her winning corrosion which leads to the occurrence of smuggling oil production of pipes to the annular vacuum which reduces the productivity of the well or the lack of entirely.
-Alonker switch:
It is switched Alonker "seat the pump" in the absence of Aazleth "refraction ring Alonker during calibration or the fall of the rails."
-Catching pumping rods or replaced:
The switch bars pumping wells downloaded in part or in full.
-Deepening or raising the groundwater pump in part:
Deepening the pump: sometimes fall payoff work underground pumps through investment Well period due to lower class pressures in the layers produced which leads to a decrease in the fluid dynamic level and as a result it gets liberalization of gas in the work of the pump, "the depth of installation of the pump is less than the depth corresponding to the pressure saturation" zone.
-Operations raise and lower rotational pump:
To raise the rotary pump: it is according to the following steps:
Decoding and raise the surface after the power supply season.
Lifting the rails and the mobile router.
Lifting pipes fixed and rotary portion of the pump.
Switch malfunctioning parts or complete replacement.
Take down the rotary pump: are according to the following steps:
Stadtor take down the pump with pipes.
Landing router with the pump.
Calibration rotary pump and put it to work.
Installation surface section and a Plug and Play well.
-Switching the tree:
With the continuation of work on the well and after several years some erosions appear in the valves trees producing wells self-making process of closing these valves partially or completely almost impossible, which calls for full or switch some key valves switch the tree, and switch the tree we killing the well appropriate fluid and control the pressure at the top the well and switching valves malfunctioning whole or in part and the development of new valves alternative by then the revival of the well again and put it to production.
-Catching the falling production of pipes in the well:
The fall of the production of the pipes occur during lifting and landings.
-Catching intractable production of pipes in the well.

2.amilit full reform:
Means the complete works carried out on producing wells so that these actions affect the class produced directly and change of characteristics Alkhoznip and better working conditions, this reform several Some include applied operations in the Syrian fields and others are implemented so we will review briefly the various full reform processes and detailed reform processes Aljbsh applied in the fields of Directorate:
Insulation operations include:
- Partial insulation of the field of the product.
- Full insulation of the field of the product.
- Selective isolation of the area of ​​the product.
Pipe repair fractures packaging operations.
Improvements include:
- Acidification.
- Hydraulic Crusted.
Perforating wells.

Maherpro 6:51 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Setup is as follows:
   Expel gas: The gas that accompanies oil while coming out of the well, it must be separated from the oil, by reducing a mixture of oil and gas movement speed, and the method is used gas separation on several stages in the case of a high pressure in the well.
   Dewatering and salts: The water, salt, sand and clay oil always accompany during Astkhrajh.oevsal water for oil in some cases easily, but it is stable emulsions with oil in others this case should oil is subject to special processing is relatively complex to be separated. The oil refining with impurities hold operation of industrial units to a large extent, if heated, for example, oil-containing impurities in the heat exchanger it is deposited on the heating surface thereby reducing the efficiency of the heat exchanger, and come into contact with impurities devices Vtpeleta prematurely, leading presence in the oil residue after distillation to reduce the quality of the latter and increasing ash content in them.
It contains the water in the oil on a large quantity of salts that are available mainly in the form of chlorides and CaCl2, MgCl, and NaCl. It consists of hydrochloric acid from the decomposition of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, especially during the distillation process, and this acid rubbed devices (such devices being eroded by acid).

* Physical processes :
   1-distillation:
       * Primary distillation or air: crude oil retailer to Ktefat each be set hydrocarbon components and then heating it so:
Raise crude oil pumps from its warehouse to the oven, "but usually being a gradual heating process using heat exchangers to exchange between the cold crude oil coming from the reservoirs and the hot refining tower products which need to be refrigerated. And that's where this work helps to reduce cooling costs, it also prevents roasted oil which occurs when a sudden oil is heated and then enters the oven Viboukr partly vaporization. the steam passes to retail tower. rises gaseous components gradually over the trays of the tower. the higher the vapor components cooled, intensifying part of it all "Chinese" from the "trays "that make up the retail tower. If one of the trays were filled, overflowed from the liquid plus, and fell to the Chinese, which are usually Tlleha.o each tray less heat from underneath that, that is, whenever the Chinese site, up the material accumulated by less dense the more penetrated the steam bubbles liquid on one of these trays through the barrier of bubbles, condensation of steam that which has a range of boiling liquid located on the same Chinese, but light materials materials that may be mixed with liquid, they are separated in the form again and move to China, which topped.

      * Distillation under pressure Almakhlkhal "vacuum": This method is used for the fragmentation of heavy fuel oil "diesel" resulting from the primary distillation process to bitumen "Asphalt" and "tar" other "Solar" materials and "waxy distillates" and is mainly used in the production of oil and grease? It can also be used in thermal cracking operations or helping factors (stimuli).
We note that it must reduce the degree of heat needed a larger portion of the heavy fuel oil for asphalt to vaporize because it can reduce the boiling point of the liquid to reduce the pressure on it. In this method is used devices or vacuum pumps to keep the low pressure, and pumps are used to bring the oil to the furnace through the distillation tower under low pressure. Since the oil discharge prevents withdrawal of the natural flow of oil and turns to steam and oil flows to the bottom where the asphalt offset by water vapor with a high degree, cause the payment of what might be stuck with asphalt a few oily material density to the top of the tower.
He graduated parts of low-density liquids on top of the tower form of steam mixed with water vapor, to pass on a capacitor Aktvhma Amaa.tm enters the mix of diesel and steam Almtktvin to the loopback Tower, contained vapors drag pumps to the top of the Chinese retail tower trays. And it pulls the rest as a final product, and the gas is condensed is withdrawn from the top of the tower by vacuum pumps.

   2. Solvent Extraction:
      Which are separated according to their chemical type of molecules, such as paraffins, aromatics or naphthenate. This process within the scope of the production of lubricating oils, as the waxy distillate resulting from the distillation operations under Almakhlkhal "vacuum" pressure that can be obtained from the different levels of the tower, can be processed to produce lubricating oils. As well as for remaining in the bottom of the tower, and all that is in the case of paraffin treatment of ores. These distillates constitute necessary for the production of lubricating light, medium and heavy oil feedstocks. It is also remaining in the tower bottom of the raw material for the production of residual oils. It is essential that these oils have a high degree of purity. And that the international standard specifications due to the dangerous role in all uses are available. To achieve this need to be addressed waxy distillate and residual using special solvents to extract impurities from lubrication oils.

   3. Cooling:
      Cooling operations include the following:
* Separation "Sort" gases: within the scope Alnbaradalta operations is one of the separation processes used in the refining industry -amlah "Sort" resulting from the processes of thermal cracking gases and cracker factors help Altkirr.o coefficient is these gases of the most important sources of raw materials needed for industry petrochemical, and the other source is natural gas, which is extracted from some wells.
* Install gasoline: lead gasoline stored in hot climates to the evaporation of propane and butane who Ihtoehma gasoline, so as to decrease the degree of Hrarthma.eetm separated these two gases and Tabithma in the cylinder under high pressure so as to keep them in liquid form, it uses butane as fuel in home appliances, are these Towers process in a way that works just like any other retail tower, but they are working under high pressure to the liquid apostate remains in a liquid state always.
* Aloktani number of gasoline "gasoline" is the stability of properties of anti-bomb a key parameters that determine the output of the fuel oil quality, dedicated to internal combustion engines for electric spark. And called the name Aloktani number of fuel on the persistence of the bomb proof being estimating the explosive properties of the fuel in the engine by comparing the required studies with other fuel-standard fuel, Alocodan Alkiesaan namely:
Aloizoooctan (2.2.4-tri unprecedented two daughters): Aloktani number is equal to 100, so that a small explosion.
Normal Alhbtan: Easy Altfjruaddh Aloktani non-existent, while the number Aloktani mixtures Aloizoooctan normal Alhbtan have a range from zero to 100.

*Chemical Processes :
   Is a chemical process taking place under the influence of heat and pressure or factors aid and is intended to increase the amount of motor fuel and jet and quality where it is the change in hydrocarbon oil molecules These operations include the following:
Manufacturing thermal processes.
Catalytic cracking process.
Reform catalytic gasoline.
Operations using petroleum gases.
Purification "treatment" [edit]
It is the final operations of oil products, and be either physical or chemical, and chemicals used in many purification processes, including caustic soda solution, which is used in the purification of butane and gasoline from hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid Antrzalve is used in the purification of kerosene of sulfur and aromatic substances that cause black smoke billowed, as used in the purification of jet fuel and others, as well as hydrogen gas is used to remove many of the impurities.
* Removal of hydrogen sulfide: H2S is present mainly in raw or be the result of Thllantrbat sulfur during various operations, a smelly, quickly turns into a sulfite causing erosion of machinery and equipment, there are two ways to remove it:
If the rate of little use caustic soda solution.
If the high rate of fluid is used to absorb H2S
* Hydrogen purification: now used commercially on a large scale because it removes sulfur updated to corrosion and lead to the removal of nitrogenous substances and Aloksuginah and halos, and the removal of metal impurities present in the oil.

Maherpro 6:50 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Oil prices, calling the price of WTI (light sweet crude rolling in the New York Mercantile Exchange and Brent rolling on the Intercontinental) Stock Exchange, the price of a barrel of oil varies from one place to another depending on several factors, such as specific gravity, or API, the sulfur content, and place extracted.
   Oil demand is highly dependent on global economic growth, some economists say that high oil prices have a significant negative impact on global growth.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed to keep the oil price at the level of the benefit of all its members.
In recent months the price of oil has dropped dramatically, exceeding the decline below $ 54 a barrel.

   Prices were in January 1999 has reached a low barrier, reaching $ 16 (rates in the entire article in dollars per barrel of oil), after an increase in oil production from Iraq coincided with the Asian financial crisis, which led to the decline in demand,
Prices then increased rapidly, to more than double by September 2000 amounted to $ 35, then dropped again until the end of 2001, then headed to the increase in Mttrd, and amounted to 40-50 by September 2004, and in October 2004 the price of crude light up futures Weathered $ 53 in November delivery contracts and $ 55 in December contracts.
Crude oil prices rose to a record high above $ 60 in June 2005, and this trend has continued in early August 2005, futures rose to about $ 65, as demand for gasoline rally continued despite the high prices, reached price of crude oil peaked in July in 2006 he won more than $ 77, and in December 2006 was about $ 63.
In September 2007, Texas crude surpassed the $ 80, multiple factors caused the rise in these prices, including that an increase in OPEC production was lower than expected, falling stock prices in the United States at less than expectations of experts, and changes in federal oil policies, offering six lines pipes attacked by leftist groups in Mexico, and in October 2007 the US light crude rose above $ 90 for the first time, due to a combination of tension in eastern Turkey, and the devaluation of the dollar.
January 2008, the price reached $ 100, but prices have not been able to stay above the $ 100 mark until the end of February.
   Broke Oil $ 110 barrier on March 12, 2008 and the barrier of $ 125 on May 9, 2008, and reached $ 130 at May 21, 2008, and $ 135 at May 22, 2008, and reached $ 140 at June 26, 2008 and $ 145 in the July 3, 2008.
   July 11, 2008, oil prices rose to a new record high of $ 147.27 after a recent escalation of anxiety after Iranian missile tests, but oil prices fell more than $ 20 over the next two weeks, to go back to around $ 125 a barrel in July 24, 2008, and the form of reduced demand for oil in the United States the most powerful factor in the decline.
   Continued to decline, reaching its lowest price in three months, about $ 112 a barrel, in the August 11, 2008, and September 15, the price of oil fell below $ 100 for the first time in seven months, and in October 11 came to $ 77.70 per barrel as stock markets fell global, reaching below $ 70 on October 16, 2008, and as of November 18, 2008, the price of a barrel of oil to $ 54 a barrel.

   Oil prices, such as prices of all commodities, are subject to large fluctuations over time, especially those associated with the cycle of business When the increasing demand for a commodity such as oil beyond the productive capability, the price will rise very sharply because both demand and supply is inelastic largely in the short term, Fmsthlkua oil may Asdmoa of high oil prices dramatically, but their habits determine their consumption to him, they take time to adjust, but that both companies and individuals they figure out ways to reduce oil consumption in response to higher prices, and higher prices encourage new investments in finding sources New.
   When supply exceeds demand, on the other hand, prices should collapse until the marginal cost of production becomes greater than the price, setting off oil wells with closure because it has become uneconomical, at least temporarily, and thus decreases the supply increases the price again.

Maherpro 6:50 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

It was drilled the first oil well in China in the fourth century or so ago. The oil is burned to vaporize the brine to produce salt. By the tenth century, it was used bamboo pipelines to connect the pipes to the headwaters of the salt water. In the eighth century, it is paving new roads in Baghdad using bitumen, which had been brought from candidacies of oil in this region.

 In the ninth century, it began oil fields in Baku, Azerbaijan's oil production in an economical manner for the first time. It was these fields are drilling for oil, it has been described geographical knowledge Masudi in the tenth century AD, as well as Marco Polo in the thirteenth century AD, who described the oil abroad from these wells by saying it's like a load of hundreds of ships. 

See also the Islamic civilization. It starts the modern history of oil in 1853, the discovery of oil distillation process. It was distilled oil and get to know him on a kerosene Ignace Lukasiewicz, a Polish scientist. It was the first shale oil mine being created in the Purbka, near Krosno in southern Poland, and the following year was to build the first refinery (in fact distillation) in Aollazofiz was also through Lukasiewicz. These discoveries have spread rapidly in the world, and the Mirzov built the first distillery in Russia in natural oil field in Baku in 1861.

 And it started the American oil industry Edwin Drake's discovery of oil in 1859, near Titusville - Pennsylvania. 

The slow growth of the industry is somewhat in the eighteenth century. It was governed by the requirements Ltd kerosene and oil lamps. 

And it has become a matter of national interest in the beginning of the twentieth century when the invention of the internal combustion engines leading to increased demand for the industry in general on oil. 

Continuous Alsthlak have exhausted the first discoveries in America in Pennsylvania and Ontario, which led to the «oil crisis« ​​in Texas, Oklahoma and California. In addition to what has been mentioned, by the year 1910 has been large oil fields in Canada, the East Indies, Iran, Venezuela, Mexico discovery was their development to industrial exploitation. 

However, even in 1955, coal was months fuels in the world, oil and began to take his place afterwards. After the energy crisis of 1973 m and 1979 energy crisis governments have focused on media coverage of power supply. 

Resorted countries such as Germany and France to the production of electricity by nuclear reactors, so that 70% of electricity production in France has become nuclear, Stakeholders. The energy crisis also led to shed light on that oil is a limited resource and can be implemented, at least in an economic energy source.

Maherpro 6:46 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

   Generally, the first stage in crude oil extraction is digging a well to reach the reservoirs of oil under the ground. Historically, there are some oil wells in America where the oil reached the surface in a natural way. But most of these fields are carried out, with the exception of some limited places in Alaska.

 And often it is drilled numerous wells for the same warehouse, for economic extraction rate.

In some wells are pumping water, steam, or a mixture of different gases into the reservoir to maintain an economic extraction rate.

When increasing the pressure underground gas warehouse in order to be sufficient, then the oil starts to come out to the surface under the influence of this pressure.

The gaseous fuel or natural gas is often present under natural pressure underground. In this case, the pressure will be enough to put a number of valves on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage, and operations.

This is called the initial oil extraction. And only about 20% of the oil in the reservoir can be extracted in this way. (First phase) and during the lifetime of the well under pressure, and when the pressure at least to a certain extent not be enough to push the oil to the surface.

Then the remaining portion is extracted in the well additional ways of extracting oil. They use different techniques in the way of additional oil extraction, to extract oil from reservoirs that carried compressed or say. Sometimes it used pumping Baltalmbat such as continuous pumps, pumps and electrical depths (electrical submersible pumps ESPs) to bring the oil to the surface.

The third phase in the extraction of oil depends on reducing oil viscosity to increase production. And begin this stage when you can not all of the way Alambdih, and additional oil extraction method, but after confirming economic feasibility of using this method, and whether the resulting oil will cover the production costs and expected profits from the well. It also depends on the price of oil at the time, where it is restarting wells that may have stopped working in the case of high oil prices.

 Improved methods of extracting oil thermally (Thermally-enhanced oil recovery methods TEOR) is the third way in the ranking of the extraction of oil and oil-based heating and make it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most commonly used techniques in this way, often with are (TEOR) through cogeneration. The idea of ​​cogeneration is used turbine (turbine) gas to produce electricity and use waste heat resulting from it to produce steam, which is injected into the reservoir. This method is used extensively to increase oil production in the valley of St. Joaquin, which contains a high density of oil, which represents approximately 10% of US production. Another technique used in the way (TEOR), which is in-situ burning, and where oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil. And sometimes it is used as detergents to reduce the density of oil. And it is extracted approximately 5 to 15% of the oil at this stage.

Maherpro 6:45 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Oil industry classifies crude oil according to the place of origin (for example, WTI or Brent) and often by specific gravity and an API (American Petroleum Institute API). Or by its density (light K. medium, heavy), and of carrying out the refining releasing him "sweet or heady" When there are small amounts of sulfur, or "over" which means the presence of large amounts of sulfur and requires further distillation to obtain the standards of production.

Global units per barrel are:

* Brent contains 15 kind of Brent oil from the fields and the system Ninian Shetland basin east. In general, oil production from Europe, Africa, the Middle East beyond the western border, which seeks to determine oil prices, leading to classify according to the sign of a pilot. See also Brent.

* WTI "W T any" (West Texas Intermediate WTI) oil to North America.

* Dubai used as a pilot for the Asia-Pacific to Middle East oil.

* Tapies from Malaysia, used as a reference light oil in the Far East.

* Minas from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy oil in the Far East.

The OPEC basket is made up of:

* Light, Saudi Arabia's oil

* Bonnie light Nigerian oil

* Light Dubai

* Asems Mexico (does not follow OPEC)

* Minas Indonesia (no longer follow OPEC)

* A mixture of two months (deserts Blend) Algeria

Tia Juana Light Venezuela

OPEC is trying to keep the price of the OPEC basket between the upper and lower limits, an increase or decrease production. This makes the market analysis factor is very important. The OPEC basket includes a mix of heavy and light crude oil, which is heavier than Brent, WTI any.

Maherpro 6:45 م

مزيد من المعلومات »

Brent crude oil is a trading classification of light crude oil, which is a combination of diversity extracted from the North Sea crude oil. And this is the basic criterion of the global oil price, and compose almost two-thirds of the global crude oil market. British oil company "Shell" was launched after "Brent Joe" local shortcut "Brent" on Brent oil based on the first letters of the names of the formative classes in each field of oil fields: Broome, Rano, Aatev, Nice, Tarbat (Broom, Rannoch , Etieve, Ness and Tarbat). And it is linked to the pricing of most of the oil production coming from Europe, Africa, the Middle East, coming from the west and flows; the price of Brent crude. It should be noted that the main countries in Europe now imports oil production from Russia.

Since 2005, the crude oil is traded in the international exchange of electronic, known acronym ICE, and equivalent per decade in the stock market of 100 barrels of oil, is priced in US dollars. In the world of Forex, crude oil is traded in the form of CFD CFD, using quantities itself on the "Barrels" and priced in the US dollar as currency basis (per croaker = 100 barrels) Due to the global demand, seen crude oil as a commodity in the very sensitivity and volatility , which can rise Dramteka in reaction to the economic and political conditions outstanding. As an obvious example, the last civil war in Libya have caused the rise in crude oil prices sharply from the level of US $ 85 to US $ 115 level almost in a very short period of time. NSFX and realize how important providing optimal trading of crude oil situation and so for the independent dealer, they also provide crude oil trading the British pound, in addition to the traditional US dollar pricing (symbol appear UKOIL and US OIL respectively).

NSFX realize how important oil trading works for any investor in the market hard. Because NSFX understand how important oil trading, it offers the trader the best possible market conditions.

Fast implementation and the least amount of available price differences.
Crude oil traded by multiple trading platforms (web and Aldisektob, mobile phone)
Balanced leverage (1: 100), and the proportion of balanced risk exposure (1% of the value of the deal).
Daily fundamental and technical analysis of crude oil
Flexibility in the fixed price differences in trading or in crude oil trading by using electronic communications network technology (ECN)

In NSFX, it is treated in a swap Rollovers on the basis of "spot price" only. Which means that all trades are settled after two business days of the beginning, according to the rules of the market. The NSFX not facilitate the actual delivery of any of the precious / currency metals. As a result, all open from 23:59:45 until 23:59:59 transactions (Server Time) will be postponed to a new date settled on and impose the benefit Swap.

Maherpro 6:43 م

مزيد من المعلومات »