Setup is as follows:
Expel gas: The gas that accompanies oil while coming out of the well, it must be separated from the oil, by reducing a mixture of oil and gas movement speed, and the method is used gas separation on several stages in the case of a high pressure in the well.
Dewatering and salts: The water, salt, sand and clay oil always accompany during Astkhrajh.oevsal water for oil in some cases easily, but it is stable emulsions with oil in others this case should oil is subject to special processing is relatively complex to be separated. The oil refining with impurities hold operation of industrial units to a large extent, if heated, for example, oil-containing impurities in the heat exchanger it is deposited on the heating surface thereby reducing the efficiency of the heat exchanger, and come into contact with impurities devices Vtpeleta prematurely, leading presence in the oil residue after distillation to reduce the quality of the latter and increasing ash content in them.
It contains the water in the oil on a large quantity of salts that are available mainly in the form of chlorides and CaCl2, MgCl, and NaCl. It consists of hydrochloric acid from the decomposition of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, especially during the distillation process, and this acid rubbed devices (such devices being eroded by acid).
* Physical processes :
1-distillation:
* Primary distillation or air: crude oil retailer to Ktefat each be set hydrocarbon components and then heating it so:
Raise crude oil pumps from its warehouse to the oven, "but usually being a gradual heating process using heat exchangers to exchange between the cold crude oil coming from the reservoirs and the hot refining tower products which need to be refrigerated. And that's where this work helps to reduce cooling costs, it also prevents roasted oil which occurs when a sudden oil is heated and then enters the oven Viboukr partly vaporization. the steam passes to retail tower. rises gaseous components gradually over the trays of the tower. the higher the vapor components cooled, intensifying part of it all "Chinese" from the "trays "that make up the retail tower. If one of the trays were filled, overflowed from the liquid plus, and fell to the Chinese, which are usually Tlleha.o each tray less heat from underneath that, that is, whenever the Chinese site, up the material accumulated by less dense the more penetrated the steam bubbles liquid on one of these trays through the barrier of bubbles, condensation of steam that which has a range of boiling liquid located on the same Chinese, but light materials materials that may be mixed with liquid, they are separated in the form again and move to China, which topped.
* Distillation under pressure Almakhlkhal "vacuum": This method is used for the fragmentation of heavy fuel oil "diesel" resulting from the primary distillation process to bitumen "Asphalt" and "tar" other "Solar" materials and "waxy distillates" and is mainly used in the production of oil and grease? It can also be used in thermal cracking operations or helping factors (stimuli).
We note that it must reduce the degree of heat needed a larger portion of the heavy fuel oil for asphalt to vaporize because it can reduce the boiling point of the liquid to reduce the pressure on it. In this method is used devices or vacuum pumps to keep the low pressure, and pumps are used to bring the oil to the furnace through the distillation tower under low pressure. Since the oil discharge prevents withdrawal of the natural flow of oil and turns to steam and oil flows to the bottom where the asphalt offset by water vapor with a high degree, cause the payment of what might be stuck with asphalt a few oily material density to the top of the tower.
He graduated parts of low-density liquids on top of the tower form of steam mixed with water vapor, to pass on a capacitor Aktvhma Amaa.tm enters the mix of diesel and steam Almtktvin to the loopback Tower, contained vapors drag pumps to the top of the Chinese retail tower trays. And it pulls the rest as a final product, and the gas is condensed is withdrawn from the top of the tower by vacuum pumps.
2. Solvent Extraction:
Which are separated according to their chemical type of molecules, such as paraffins, aromatics or naphthenate. This process within the scope of the production of lubricating oils, as the waxy distillate resulting from the distillation operations under Almakhlkhal "vacuum" pressure that can be obtained from the different levels of the tower, can be processed to produce lubricating oils. As well as for remaining in the bottom of the tower, and all that is in the case of paraffin treatment of ores. These distillates constitute necessary for the production of lubricating light, medium and heavy oil feedstocks. It is also remaining in the tower bottom of the raw material for the production of residual oils. It is essential that these oils have a high degree of purity. And that the international standard specifications due to the dangerous role in all uses are available. To achieve this need to be addressed waxy distillate and residual using special solvents to extract impurities from lubrication oils.
3. Cooling:
Cooling operations include the following:
* Separation "Sort" gases: within the scope Alnbaradalta operations is one of the separation processes used in the refining industry -amlah "Sort" resulting from the processes of thermal cracking gases and cracker factors help Altkirr.o coefficient is these gases of the most important sources of raw materials needed for industry petrochemical, and the other source is natural gas, which is extracted from some wells.
* Install gasoline: lead gasoline stored in hot climates to the evaporation of propane and butane who Ihtoehma gasoline, so as to decrease the degree of Hrarthma.eetm separated these two gases and Tabithma in the cylinder under high pressure so as to keep them in liquid form, it uses butane as fuel in home appliances, are these Towers process in a way that works just like any other retail tower, but they are working under high pressure to the liquid apostate remains in a liquid state always.
* Aloktani number of gasoline "gasoline" is the stability of properties of anti-bomb a key parameters that determine the output of the fuel oil quality, dedicated to internal combustion engines for electric spark. And called the name Aloktani number of fuel on the persistence of the bomb proof being estimating the explosive properties of the fuel in the engine by comparing the required studies with other fuel-standard fuel, Alocodan Alkiesaan namely:
Aloizoooctan (2.2.4-tri unprecedented two daughters): Aloktani number is equal to 100, so that a small explosion.
Normal Alhbtan: Easy Altfjruaddh Aloktani non-existent, while the number Aloktani mixtures Aloizoooctan normal Alhbtan have a range from zero to 100.
*Chemical Processes :
Is a chemical process taking place under the influence of heat and pressure or factors aid and is intended to increase the amount of motor fuel and jet and quality where it is the change in hydrocarbon oil molecules These operations include the following:
Manufacturing thermal processes.
Catalytic cracking process.
Reform catalytic gasoline.
Operations using petroleum gases.
Purification "treatment" [edit]
It is the final operations of oil products, and be either physical or chemical, and chemicals used in many purification processes, including caustic soda solution, which is used in the purification of butane and gasoline from hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid Antrzalve is used in the purification of kerosene of sulfur and aromatic substances that cause black smoke billowed, as used in the purification of jet fuel and others, as well as hydrogen gas is used to remove many of the impurities.
* Removal of hydrogen sulfide: H2S is present mainly in raw or be the result of Thllantrbat sulfur during various operations, a smelly, quickly turns into a sulfite causing erosion of machinery and equipment, there are two ways to remove it:
If the rate of little use caustic soda solution.
If the high rate of fluid is used to absorb H2S
* Hydrogen purification: now used commercially on a large scale because it removes sulfur updated to corrosion and lead to the removal of nitrogenous substances and Aloksuginah and halos, and the removal of metal impurities present in the oil.
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Expel gas: The gas that accompanies oil while coming out of the well, it must be separated from the oil, by reducing a mixture of oil and gas movement speed, and the method is used gas separation on several stages in the case of a high pressure in the well.
Dewatering and salts: The water, salt, sand and clay oil always accompany during Astkhrajh.oevsal water for oil in some cases easily, but it is stable emulsions with oil in others this case should oil is subject to special processing is relatively complex to be separated. The oil refining with impurities hold operation of industrial units to a large extent, if heated, for example, oil-containing impurities in the heat exchanger it is deposited on the heating surface thereby reducing the efficiency of the heat exchanger, and come into contact with impurities devices Vtpeleta prematurely, leading presence in the oil residue after distillation to reduce the quality of the latter and increasing ash content in them.
It contains the water in the oil on a large quantity of salts that are available mainly in the form of chlorides and CaCl2, MgCl, and NaCl. It consists of hydrochloric acid from the decomposition of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, especially during the distillation process, and this acid rubbed devices (such devices being eroded by acid).
1-distillation:
* Primary distillation or air: crude oil retailer to Ktefat each be set hydrocarbon components and then heating it so:
Raise crude oil pumps from its warehouse to the oven, "but usually being a gradual heating process using heat exchangers to exchange between the cold crude oil coming from the reservoirs and the hot refining tower products which need to be refrigerated. And that's where this work helps to reduce cooling costs, it also prevents roasted oil which occurs when a sudden oil is heated and then enters the oven Viboukr partly vaporization. the steam passes to retail tower. rises gaseous components gradually over the trays of the tower. the higher the vapor components cooled, intensifying part of it all "Chinese" from the "trays "that make up the retail tower. If one of the trays were filled, overflowed from the liquid plus, and fell to the Chinese, which are usually Tlleha.o each tray less heat from underneath that, that is, whenever the Chinese site, up the material accumulated by less dense the more penetrated the steam bubbles liquid on one of these trays through the barrier of bubbles, condensation of steam that which has a range of boiling liquid located on the same Chinese, but light materials materials that may be mixed with liquid, they are separated in the form again and move to China, which topped.
* Distillation under pressure Almakhlkhal "vacuum": This method is used for the fragmentation of heavy fuel oil "diesel" resulting from the primary distillation process to bitumen "Asphalt" and "tar" other "Solar" materials and "waxy distillates" and is mainly used in the production of oil and grease? It can also be used in thermal cracking operations or helping factors (stimuli).
We note that it must reduce the degree of heat needed a larger portion of the heavy fuel oil for asphalt to vaporize because it can reduce the boiling point of the liquid to reduce the pressure on it. In this method is used devices or vacuum pumps to keep the low pressure, and pumps are used to bring the oil to the furnace through the distillation tower under low pressure. Since the oil discharge prevents withdrawal of the natural flow of oil and turns to steam and oil flows to the bottom where the asphalt offset by water vapor with a high degree, cause the payment of what might be stuck with asphalt a few oily material density to the top of the tower.
He graduated parts of low-density liquids on top of the tower form of steam mixed with water vapor, to pass on a capacitor Aktvhma Amaa.tm enters the mix of diesel and steam Almtktvin to the loopback Tower, contained vapors drag pumps to the top of the Chinese retail tower trays. And it pulls the rest as a final product, and the gas is condensed is withdrawn from the top of the tower by vacuum pumps.
2. Solvent Extraction:
Which are separated according to their chemical type of molecules, such as paraffins, aromatics or naphthenate. This process within the scope of the production of lubricating oils, as the waxy distillate resulting from the distillation operations under Almakhlkhal "vacuum" pressure that can be obtained from the different levels of the tower, can be processed to produce lubricating oils. As well as for remaining in the bottom of the tower, and all that is in the case of paraffin treatment of ores. These distillates constitute necessary for the production of lubricating light, medium and heavy oil feedstocks. It is also remaining in the tower bottom of the raw material for the production of residual oils. It is essential that these oils have a high degree of purity. And that the international standard specifications due to the dangerous role in all uses are available. To achieve this need to be addressed waxy distillate and residual using special solvents to extract impurities from lubrication oils.
3. Cooling:
Cooling operations include the following:
* Separation "Sort" gases: within the scope Alnbaradalta operations is one of the separation processes used in the refining industry -amlah "Sort" resulting from the processes of thermal cracking gases and cracker factors help Altkirr.o coefficient is these gases of the most important sources of raw materials needed for industry petrochemical, and the other source is natural gas, which is extracted from some wells.
* Install gasoline: lead gasoline stored in hot climates to the evaporation of propane and butane who Ihtoehma gasoline, so as to decrease the degree of Hrarthma.eetm separated these two gases and Tabithma in the cylinder under high pressure so as to keep them in liquid form, it uses butane as fuel in home appliances, are these Towers process in a way that works just like any other retail tower, but they are working under high pressure to the liquid apostate remains in a liquid state always.
* Aloktani number of gasoline "gasoline" is the stability of properties of anti-bomb a key parameters that determine the output of the fuel oil quality, dedicated to internal combustion engines for electric spark. And called the name Aloktani number of fuel on the persistence of the bomb proof being estimating the explosive properties of the fuel in the engine by comparing the required studies with other fuel-standard fuel, Alocodan Alkiesaan namely:
Aloizoooctan (2.2.4-tri unprecedented two daughters): Aloktani number is equal to 100, so that a small explosion.
Normal Alhbtan: Easy Altfjruaddh Aloktani non-existent, while the number Aloktani mixtures Aloizoooctan normal Alhbtan have a range from zero to 100.
*Chemical Processes :
Is a chemical process taking place under the influence of heat and pressure or factors aid and is intended to increase the amount of motor fuel and jet and quality where it is the change in hydrocarbon oil molecules These operations include the following:
Manufacturing thermal processes.
Catalytic cracking process.
Reform catalytic gasoline.
Operations using petroleum gases.
Purification "treatment" [edit]
It is the final operations of oil products, and be either physical or chemical, and chemicals used in many purification processes, including caustic soda solution, which is used in the purification of butane and gasoline from hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid Antrzalve is used in the purification of kerosene of sulfur and aromatic substances that cause black smoke billowed, as used in the purification of jet fuel and others, as well as hydrogen gas is used to remove many of the impurities.
* Removal of hydrogen sulfide: H2S is present mainly in raw or be the result of Thllantrbat sulfur during various operations, a smelly, quickly turns into a sulfite causing erosion of machinery and equipment, there are two ways to remove it:
If the rate of little use caustic soda solution.
If the high rate of fluid is used to absorb H2S
* Hydrogen purification: now used commercially on a large scale because it removes sulfur updated to corrosion and lead to the removal of nitrogenous substances and Aloksuginah and halos, and the removal of metal impurities present in the oil.
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