How repeats oil refineries turning crude oil into useful products in three stages.
The first phase consists, called sorting, sort of oil to fractures (various parts). The main process at this stage is the fractional distillation fractions that produce light, medium and heavy. In the second phase, or conversion, at least fractures turning to interest more valuable fractions. The third stage is the treatment that improves the quality and performance of petroleum products.
Screening: the first stage in the oil refining is fractional distillation, a process that produces crude oil to some of its components. You can sort the additional components of these components mediated by solvent extraction, crystallization processes.
Fractional distillation is built on the principle of evaporation (boiling) the various components at different temperatures. Viboukr gasoline, for example, at about 24 ° m, while for some heavy fuel oils degrees higher than the boiling point of 320 ° m. As condense (cool and become liquid) components such fumes which, at different temperatures.
And pumping the oil in a fractional distillation through pipes inside the oven is heated to temperatures of 385 ° m. Then enter the resulting mixture, consisting of gases and fluids in hot steel vertical cylinder called retail or bubble tower. During the rise of the burner components condense inside the tower at different levels. Vtaatktv heavy fuel oils in the lower section of the tower, while condense light components such as benzene and kerosene in the middle and upper sections. The fluid collects in Flint and pulls to the outside through the pipes on the sides of the tower.
Some components do not cool enough. So pass through the tower to the top of the retail unit vapor recovery. In contrast, other components remain, evaporate at temperatures higher than those in the oven temperature, the liquid or semi-solid. And recover the waste from the bottom of the tower and reiterates to products such as asphalt and Lubricants · ¸altazaat.
Called the ingredients that produce direct distillation scrolling products. They must almost all of these components are subject to chemical conversion treatment before it is used.
Solvent extraction produces additional components of certain products direct to scroll. And dissolves a chemical compound called solvent some components or separate them in the form of solids. The main solvents used gasoline and furfural and Vnol. And improve the quality of many of the refineries Lubricants and paraffin mediated by solvent extraction.
The crystal used mainly to remove the wax and other materials from semi-solid and heavy components; the cool temperatures of the components to be then crystals or harden. After you pass through the filters by separating solid particles.
Conversion:
Despite the possibility of refining almost all the oil into useful products that only some of the components of greater value than others. The oil, for example, half of the petroleum products used in most countries almost, but it represents only about 10% of the direct scrolling products. On the other hand, some of the few components represent demand, a larger share of crude oil.
In order to increase the desired quantities of oil products, scientists have developed several ways to turn a few ingredients of interest to those that have the largest request. These methods fall into two main groups: 1. 2 cracker operations-mergers. And it enables such operations produce about half of barrels of oil from each barrel of crude oil.
Cracker operations shift heavy components into lighter components, such as mainly oil. These processes not only increases the amount of oil petroleum output, but also improves its quality. Vllpetrol milling product octane number greater than the product direct scroll. The octane number measure of how much smoother fuel combustion inside the engine. See octane number.
There are two main types of crushing processes: thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Suffered heavy components in the thermal cracking to the point of intense heat, high pressure in order to weaken the bonds that hold together large and complex molecules. And the disintegration of the heat and pressure of these molecules into simpler molecules, which form parts of light.
In cracking catalyst, a catalyst is used to accelerate the thermal cracking process. The catalyst material begins by chemical reactions without rushing or unchanged in the course of the reaction. In this type of cracker, heat the ingredients, and then pass on the metals called Ziulietat, and certain types of clay, or other catalysts. And lead catalyst temperature and reaction together to break the heavy parts to the lighter components. And the catalytic cracking of the more common thermal cracking, not NH requires less pressure, and produces a number octane petrol largest.
Hydrogen may be added to the parts during the cracker. And it increases this procedure, which is called hydrogenation of the amount of useful products.
Mergers do the opposite of what he does cracker; it integrates or rearrange gaseous hydrocarbons Statistics to be more complex components. As a result, it is turning a lot of gases resulting from distillation and cracking to liquid fuels and chemicals high octane value. The major mergers polymerization and alkylation and restructuring.
Gases in the polymerization are subject to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Vtaathd hydrocarbon molecules made up the largest molecules called polymers. And polymers essential components in a high-octane petrol. Alkylation and similar Balblmrh produces a component called Alokilat which is used in all of the oil, and aviation fuel. In the restructuring shall be gas molecules of different hydrocarbon groups, after exposure to heat and the catalyst. And restructuring produce fuels in addition to the high-octane aromatic compounds, which are chemicals used in making explosives, synthetic rubber, food preservatives, and many other products.
Chemical processing. Addressing almost all the ingredients chemically before they are sent to consumers. Treatment depends on the type of crude oil and the intended use of petroleum products.
Many of the components treated to remove impurities. The most common impurities are sulfur compounds that damage the equipment and air pollution when burned. And treated with hydrogen commonly used to remove sulfur compounds way. Mix ingredients in this way hydrogen, and then subjected to heat the catalyst which binds sulfur hydrogen component hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide, and still later by using solvent.
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The first phase consists, called sorting, sort of oil to fractures (various parts). The main process at this stage is the fractional distillation fractions that produce light, medium and heavy. In the second phase, or conversion, at least fractures turning to interest more valuable fractions. The third stage is the treatment that improves the quality and performance of petroleum products.
Screening: the first stage in the oil refining is fractional distillation, a process that produces crude oil to some of its components. You can sort the additional components of these components mediated by solvent extraction, crystallization processes.
Fractional distillation is built on the principle of evaporation (boiling) the various components at different temperatures. Viboukr gasoline, for example, at about 24 ° m, while for some heavy fuel oils degrees higher than the boiling point of 320 ° m. As condense (cool and become liquid) components such fumes which, at different temperatures.
And pumping the oil in a fractional distillation through pipes inside the oven is heated to temperatures of 385 ° m. Then enter the resulting mixture, consisting of gases and fluids in hot steel vertical cylinder called retail or bubble tower. During the rise of the burner components condense inside the tower at different levels. Vtaatktv heavy fuel oils in the lower section of the tower, while condense light components such as benzene and kerosene in the middle and upper sections. The fluid collects in Flint and pulls to the outside through the pipes on the sides of the tower.
Some components do not cool enough. So pass through the tower to the top of the retail unit vapor recovery. In contrast, other components remain, evaporate at temperatures higher than those in the oven temperature, the liquid or semi-solid. And recover the waste from the bottom of the tower and reiterates to products such as asphalt and Lubricants · ¸altazaat.
Called the ingredients that produce direct distillation scrolling products. They must almost all of these components are subject to chemical conversion treatment before it is used.
Solvent extraction produces additional components of certain products direct to scroll. And dissolves a chemical compound called solvent some components or separate them in the form of solids. The main solvents used gasoline and furfural and Vnol. And improve the quality of many of the refineries Lubricants and paraffin mediated by solvent extraction.
The crystal used mainly to remove the wax and other materials from semi-solid and heavy components; the cool temperatures of the components to be then crystals or harden. After you pass through the filters by separating solid particles.
Conversion:
Despite the possibility of refining almost all the oil into useful products that only some of the components of greater value than others. The oil, for example, half of the petroleum products used in most countries almost, but it represents only about 10% of the direct scrolling products. On the other hand, some of the few components represent demand, a larger share of crude oil.
In order to increase the desired quantities of oil products, scientists have developed several ways to turn a few ingredients of interest to those that have the largest request. These methods fall into two main groups: 1. 2 cracker operations-mergers. And it enables such operations produce about half of barrels of oil from each barrel of crude oil.
Cracker operations shift heavy components into lighter components, such as mainly oil. These processes not only increases the amount of oil petroleum output, but also improves its quality. Vllpetrol milling product octane number greater than the product direct scroll. The octane number measure of how much smoother fuel combustion inside the engine. See octane number.
There are two main types of crushing processes: thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Suffered heavy components in the thermal cracking to the point of intense heat, high pressure in order to weaken the bonds that hold together large and complex molecules. And the disintegration of the heat and pressure of these molecules into simpler molecules, which form parts of light.
In cracking catalyst, a catalyst is used to accelerate the thermal cracking process. The catalyst material begins by chemical reactions without rushing or unchanged in the course of the reaction. In this type of cracker, heat the ingredients, and then pass on the metals called Ziulietat, and certain types of clay, or other catalysts. And lead catalyst temperature and reaction together to break the heavy parts to the lighter components. And the catalytic cracking of the more common thermal cracking, not NH requires less pressure, and produces a number octane petrol largest.
Hydrogen may be added to the parts during the cracker. And it increases this procedure, which is called hydrogenation of the amount of useful products.
Mergers do the opposite of what he does cracker; it integrates or rearrange gaseous hydrocarbons Statistics to be more complex components. As a result, it is turning a lot of gases resulting from distillation and cracking to liquid fuels and chemicals high octane value. The major mergers polymerization and alkylation and restructuring.
Gases in the polymerization are subject to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Vtaathd hydrocarbon molecules made up the largest molecules called polymers. And polymers essential components in a high-octane petrol. Alkylation and similar Balblmrh produces a component called Alokilat which is used in all of the oil, and aviation fuel. In the restructuring shall be gas molecules of different hydrocarbon groups, after exposure to heat and the catalyst. And restructuring produce fuels in addition to the high-octane aromatic compounds, which are chemicals used in making explosives, synthetic rubber, food preservatives, and many other products.
Chemical processing. Addressing almost all the ingredients chemically before they are sent to consumers. Treatment depends on the type of crude oil and the intended use of petroleum products.
Many of the components treated to remove impurities. The most common impurities are sulfur compounds that damage the equipment and air pollution when burned. And treated with hydrogen commonly used to remove sulfur compounds way. Mix ingredients in this way hydrogen, and then subjected to heat the catalyst which binds sulfur hydrogen component hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide, and still later by using solvent.
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